2017 Faculty Notes
This page highlights some of the 2017 activities of our Political Science, Public Administration and Legal Studies faculty members in the areas of publications, presentations, public lectures, as well as selected recent awards and honors.
Filter Panel
-
Political Science
-
Public Administration
-
Legal Studies
-
Howard Balanoff
Presentations
“Innovation in Local Government.” Governing Across the Divide: Innovations in Local Government Conference, National Academy of Public Administration, Austin, TX, September 29, 2017.
“The National Certified Public Manager: A Model for Public and Nonprofit Leaders and Managers around the World.” European Group for Public Administration (EGPA) Conference, Milan, Italy, August 30, 2017.
Awards
Favorite Professor, Alfred H. Nolle Chapter of the Alpha Chi National Honor Society.
Texas State University’s College of Liberal Arts Excellence in Service Award.
-
Cecilia Castillo
Presentations
“The Road to Transhumanism: The Rejection of the Body.” Annual Meeting of the Society of Catholic Social Scientists, Franciscan University, Steubenville, OH, October 28, 2017.
Awards
Texas State University’s College of Liberal Arts Community Award for Advising.
-
Lynn Crossett
Articles
“An Update on Programs for Limited Practice by Non-Lawyers.” Paralegal Educator, (Summer/Fall 2017): 19-24.
“Regulation of the Paralegal Profession and Programs for Limited Practice by Non-Lawyers.” Journal of the Professional Lawyer, (2017): 95-128.
Presentations
“Engaging Our Learners with Effective Teaching Pedagogy.” American Bar Association Professional Development Series Webinar, Chicago, IL, November 8, 2017.
Awards
Texas State University’s College of Liberal Arts Community Award for Advising.
-
Paul DeHart
Paperback Book Releases
Uncovering the Constitution’s Moral Design. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, May 31, 2017.
Articles
“Nature’s Lawgiver: On Natural Law as Law.” Catholic Social Science Review 22, (2017): 53-71.
“What’s Wrong with Rod Dreher’s Straussian Narrative of the American Constitution.” Public Discourse, (December 14, 2017).
“Contra Leo Strauss, There’s No Conflict between Reason and Revelation.” Public Discourse, (October 29, 2017).
“After Easter: The Political Theology of the Crucifixion and the Resurrection.” Public Discourse, (April 17, 2017).
“Madisonian Thomism.” Public Discourse, (January 23, 2017).
Journal Symposiums
Editor, “Contemporary Thomist: J. Budziszewski and Nature’s Law.” Catholic Social Science Review 22, (2017).
Presentations
“Contra Deneen’s Account of the American Order.” Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, San Francisco, CA, September 1, 2017.
“Robust Federalism.” Texas Attorney General’s Brown Bag Series, Texas Attorney General’s Office, Austin, TX, May 3, 2017.
“The Nature of Religious Liberty (Seminar 1).” The Constitution at the Crosswords: Religious Liberty and the New Civil Rights Movement, The James Q. Wilson Forum at the University of Texas at Austin and the Austin Institute, Austin, TX, January 31, 2017.
“The Roots of Religious Liberty (Seminar 2).” The Constitution at the Crosswords: Religious Liberty and the New Civil Rights Movement, The James Q. Wilson Forum at the University of Texas at Austin and the Austin Institute, Austin, TX, February 7, 2017.
“The Problem of Religious Liberty in the 20th Century (Seminar 3).” The Constitution at the Crosswords: Religious Liberty and the New Civil Rights Movement, The James Q. Wilson Forum at the University of Texas at Austin and the Austin Institute, Austin, TX, February 14, 2017.
“The Problem of Religious Liberty Today (Seminar 4).” The Constitution at the Crosswords: Religious Liberty and the New Civil Rights Movement, The James Q. Wilson Forum at the University of Texas at Austin and the Austin Institute, Austin, TX, February 28, 2017.
-
Bill DeSoto
Articles
“Non-Medical Use of Prescription Drugs by College Students for Recreational and Instrumental Purposes: Assessing the Differences.” Journal of Drug Issues 47, no. 4 (2017): 606-621.
"The Effect of College Students’ Religious Involvement on Their Academic Ethic." Religion and Education.
Presentations
“Recent Trends in Policing in Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, and the U.S.” Crime and Justice in Asia and the Global South, Asian Criminological Society, Cairns, Australia, July 12, 2017.
-
Thomas Doyle
Edited Books
Historical Dictionary of Human Rights and Humanitarian Organizations (3rd ed.). Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2017.
Articles
“A Moral Argument for the Mass Defection of Non-Nuclear-Weapon States from the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty Regime.” Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organization 23, no. 1 (January-March 2017): 15-26.
Book Reviews
Review of Disarmament Under International Law by John Kierulf (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2017). In H-Diplo (July 29, 2017).
Presentations
“Is Complex Nuclear Deterrence in the 21st Century Morally Justifiable?” 2017 International Studies Association Annual Conference, Baltimore, MD, February 22, 2017.
“Middle East and Nuclear Policy.” The Obama Legacy Conference, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, February 3, 2017.
Awards
Texas State University’s College of Liberal Arts Achievement Award for Excellence in Scholarly/Creative Activity.
-
Michelle Evans
Articles
“A Review of State Criminal Trade Secret Theft Statutes.” UCLA Journal of Law and Technology 21, no. 2 (Fall 2017): 1-26.
“Plausibility under the Defend Trade Secrets Act.” John Marshall Review of Intellectual Property Law 16, no. 2 (2017): 188-206.
Presentations
“A Review of State Trade Secret Theft Statutes.” Annual Conference, Southern Academy of Legal Studies in Business (SALSB), San Antonio, TX, March 23, 2017.
Awards
Best Intellectual Property Article, Intellectual Property Law Review.
-
Michael Faber
Articles
“Anonymity and Doxing in the 1787 Ratification Debates: The Upside of Anonymity.” Learn Liberty, (March 7, 2017).
Presentations
“Combat and Conciliation: Presidential Rhetoric and the Battle with Congress.” Midwest Political Science Association Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL, April 6, 2017.
“The Coherence of the Anti-Federalists.” Midwest Political Science Association Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL, April 8, 2017.
“Peaceful Transitions of Power: The Jefferson Inauguration.” Transitions in American Democracy Symposium, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, January 20, 2017.
-
Blake Farrar
Articles
“The News Media Outlet is the Message.” Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies 7, no. 4 (October 2017): 106-121.
Presentations
“The News Media Outlet is the Message.” 6th International Conference on Communication, Media, Technology and Design, Famagusta, Cyprus, October 7, 2017.
-
Billy Fields
Reports
“International Sustainable Transportation Engagement Program: Summary Report 2017.” Public Administration Program, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX.
Presentations
“Climate Change adaptation efforts & contribution to overall resilience: a case study in 3 historic neighborhoods in Rotterdam.” European Climate Change Adaptation Conference, Glasgow, United Kingdom, June 5-9, 2017.
“Operationalizing Urban Resilience: Living with Water in Rotterdam.” Urban Affairs Association Annual Conference, Minneapolis, MN, April 20, 2017.
“Active Transportation Knowledge-Sharing: Obstacles and Opportunities.” Active Transportation Knowledge-Sharing Symposium, Texas State University and Mobycon Consulting, Delft and Amsterdam, Netherlands, June 20-21, 2017.
“Operationalizing Resilience: Adaptation Urbanism in Rotterdam.” Adaptation Urbanism and Complete Streets: Linking Active Transportation Design to Water Management for a Resilient New Orleans, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, October 2017.
“Coastal Resilience Expert for 2-day event.” Incubator for Sustainable & Resilient Communities, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, April 25-26, 2017.
Media
KUT. Interview. “To Get a Handle on How Cities Share Bike and Pedestrian Data with TxDOT.” December 5, 2017.
Awards
Favorite Professor, Alfred H. Nolle Chapter of the Alpha Chi National Honor Society.
-
Robert Gorman
Edited Books
"Historical Dictionary of Human Rights and Humanitarian Organizations" (3rd ed.). Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2017.
Book Chapters
“Foreword to Equality.” Equality and Non-Discrimination, ed. Jane Adolphe. Eugene, OR: WIPF and Stock Publishers, 2017: xv-xvii.
Articles
“Resisting Global Governance.” Religion and Liberty 27, no. 1 (February 20, 2017): 9-10.
Presentations
“The Obama Foreign Policy Legacy in Africa: Lessons from the Political, Economic and Cultural Arenas.” The Obama Legacy Conference, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, February 3, 2017.
Media
Interview: “Populists Push Back on Global Elites and Expert Rulers.” Religion and Liberty 27, no. 2 (May 1, 2017): 13-15.
-
Kenneth Grasso
Articles
“Catholics and the New American Public Order.” Catholic Social Science Review 22, (2017): 137-144.
Editor, “The Future of the Church in the American Public Order: A Symposium.” Catholic Social Science Review 22, (2017): 91-144.
Presentations
“Whose Religious Freedom? Which Intellectual Horizon?” Annual Meeting of the Society of Catholic Social Scientists, Franciscan University, Steubenville, OH, October 28, 2017.
-
Emily Hanks
Book Chapters
“Ethics and communication: The essence of human behavior.” Nano-safety: What we need to know to protect workers, ed. Fazarro, Dominick E. Berlin, Germany: DeGruyter, 2017: 153-176.
Awards
Favorite Professor, Alfred H. Nolle Chapter of the Alpha Chi National Honor Society.
-
Rudy Hernandez
Presentations
“Does the Orator need moral virtue?” 2017 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, September 2, 2017.
“Discussant, Constitution Day lecture by James Stoner.” Discourse in Democracy, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, September 19, 2017.
Awards
Favorite Professor, Alfred H. Nolle Chapter of the Alpha Chi National Honor Society.
-
Ashleen Menchaca-Bagnulo
Articles
“The Playboy Lifestyle and the Death of Sexual Complementarity.” Public Discourse, (October 4, 2017).
Presentations
“The Connection Between Humility and the City: St. Augustine and Manent’s Metamorphoses of the City.” 2017 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, San Francisco, CA, August 31, 2017.
“Patrick Deneen on Why Liberalism Failed.” Project for the American Constitution, American Political Science Association, San Francisco, CA, August 31, 2017.
“Who is in the City of God: The Ordo Amoris and Natural Justice in Augustine’s De Civitas Dei.” 2017 Ciceronian Society Conference, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, March 24, 2017.
Media
KXAN. Interview. “Austin Leaders Lay Out Their Claim that Sanctuary City Law is Unconstitutional.” June 19, 2017.
NBC Latino. Interview. “On #ThxBirthControl Day, Latina Advocates Worry About Reduced Access Under Trump.” November 15, 2017.
“America this Week” – Sirius XM Catholic Channel. Interview. “A Conservative Latina Discusses Racial Tensions within the Republican Party.” September 28, 2017.
-
Ed Mihalkanin
Edited Books
"Historical Dictionary of Human Rights and Humanitarian Organizations" (3rd ed.). Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2017.
-
Sherri Mora
Books
"Political Science: Institutions and Public Policy" (4th ed.). Dubuque, IA: Kendall Hunt, 2017.
"The State of Texas: Government, Politics, and Policy" (3rd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw Hill Higher Education, 2017.
Presentations
“Understanding the Federal Debt: It’s Up to Us.” Peter J. Peterson Foundation, McCoy College of Business, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, November 21, 2017.
Awards
Bobcat Preview “Namesake”, Texas State University.
-
Ionut Popescu
Books
Emergent Strategy and Grand Strategy: How American Presidents Succeed in Foreign Policy. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2017.
Articles
“Strategic Uncertainty, the Third Offset, and US Grand Strategy.” Parameters 46, (Winter 2017).
Presentations
“The Trump Administration and the Future of Conservative Foreign Policy.” Conservatives in the World Symposium, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, May 5, 2017.
“The Future of US Foreign Policy in the Age of Trump: Towards a New Grand Strategic Framework?” ISSS-ISAC (International Security Studies Section of ISA and the International Security and Arms Control Section of APSA) Annual Conference, Washington, DC, October 14, 2017.
-
Dianne Rahm
Articles
“The U.S. Political Climate and Shale Gas and Oil Development.” Humanities and Social Sciences Review 7, no. 2 (2017): 478-488.
“Population Growth Has Challenges.” New Braunfels Herald-Zeitung Newspaper, p. 6A, (March 5, 2017).
“2016 Was the Warmest on Record.” New Braunfels Herald-Zeitung Newspaper, p. 4A, (February 12, 2017).
“How Green is the Incoming Team?” New Braunfels Herald-Zeitung Newspaper, p. 5A, (January 1, 2017).
Presentations
“The Politics of Fracking.” International Journal of Arts and Sciences Multidisciplinary Conference, FHWien der WKW University of Applied Sciences for Management and Communication, Vienna, Austria, June 25, 2017.
“Fracking.” ECO Student Association, Department of Geography, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, November 9, 2017.
“The Trump Administration and the Environment.” Sustainability Studies Graduate Seminar, Sustainability Studies Program, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, September 4, 2017.
“Trumping the Environment.” Unitarian Universalist of New Braunfels, New Braunfels, TX, May 28, 2017.
“The Trump Administration and the Environment.” Global Change Program, MS/PhD Environmental Science, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, March 29, 2017.
-
Nandhini Rangarajan
Presentations
“Sustainability in Public Affairs Education: A Multi-Method Study of NASPAA Accredited Programs.” Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management, Atlanta, GA, August 8, 2017.
-
Omar Sanchez-Sibony
Articles
“Classifying Ecuador’s Regime under Correa: A Procedural Approach.” Journal of Politics in Latin America 9, no. 3 (2017): 121-140.
Presentations
“Causal Factors of Competitive Authoritarianism in Latin America.” Latin American Studies Association 2017, Lima, Peru, April 30, 2017.
-
Patricia Shields
Edited Books
Jane Addams: Progressive Pioneer of Peach, Philosophy Sociology, Social Work and Public Administration. New York: Springer, 2017.
Book Chapters
“Public Administration Methodology: A Pragmatic Perspective.” eds. Raadschelders, Jos C.N., Stillman II, Richard J. Foundations of Public Administration. New York: Melvin & Leigh, 2017: 75-92.
“An Introduction to the Life of Jane Addams.” Jane Addams: Progressive Pioneer of Pioneer of Peace, Philosophy Sociology, Social Work and Public Administration. New York: Springer, 2017: 3-16.
“Jane Addams: Peace Activist and Peace Theorist.” Jane Addams: Progressive Pioneer of Pioneer of Peace, Philosophy Sociology, Social Work and Public Administration. Springer, 2017: 32-42.
“Jane Addams: Pioneer in American Sociology, Social Work and Public Administration.” Jane Addams: Progressive Pioneer of Pioneer of Peace, Philosophy Sociology, Social Work and Public Administration. Springer, 2017: 43-68.
“Jane Addams: Public Philosopher and Practicing Feminist Pragmatist.” Jane Addams: Progressive Pioneer of Pioneer of Peace, Philosophy Sociology, Social Work and Public Administration. Springer, 2017: 17-30.
"Ambidexterity: Resolving Contradictions in Military Organizations." In R. Beeres, I. van Kememade, J. van der Meulen, & R. Moelker (Eds.), Ambidextrous Organizations: Interdisciplinary Perspectives. New York: Springer.
Articles
“The Limits of Negative Peace, The Faces of Positive Peace.” Parameters 47, no. 3 (Autumn 2017): 1-12.
“Achieving Organizational Flexibility through Ambidexterity.” Parameters: US Army War College Quarterly 47, no. 2 (Summer 2017): 65-76.
“Peaceweaving: Jane Addams, positive peace, and Public Administration.” American Review of Public Administration 47, no. 3 (2017): 323-339.
Presentations
“Janowitz Pragmatic Sociology.” Inter-University Seminar on Armed Forces and Society Bi-Annual Conference, Reston, VA, November 4, 2017.
“Looking Back: How Jane Addams Challenged the Frontiers of Public Administration, Sociology, Social Work, Peace Studies and Philosophy – and why it matters.” Public Administration Theory Network Annual Conference, Laramie, WY, June 1, 2017.
“A Positive Peace Index for Cities: Applying Jane Addams’ Ideas of Peace in the 21st Century.” Women and Gender Research Collaborative, Center for Diversity and Gender Studies, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, March 24, 2017.
“Reimagining and Recovering a Bold and Nobel Profession: Jane Addams and the Story of three Sandboxes.” American Society for Public Administration Annual Conference, Atlanta, GA, March 17, 2017.
“Goodbye Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell – Hello, Women in Combat: The Obama Legacy.” The Obama Legacy Conference, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, February 2, 2017.
“Recovering Jane Addams: Ethics, Social Work, Social Justice and Peace.” Grace Abbott School of Social Work Ethics Series Continuing Education, University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, NE, October 5, 2017.
“Strategies for Successfully Completing Your Dissertation, Lowering Anxiety, Managing the Project, Creating Theory and Thinking about Football.” Doctoral Student Workshop, Department of Public Administration, University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, NE, October 5, 2017.
“Jane Addams and the Women’s Peace Movement.” Save Texas History Symposium: Texas and the Great War, Texas General Land Office, Austin, TX, September 17, 2017.
“The Acorn Symposium Dialogue, International Day of Peace: Together For Peace: Respect, Safety and Dignity for All.” Philosophy Dialogue Series, Philosophy Department, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, September 21, 2017.
“Recovering Jane Addams: Social Work, Social Justice and Peace.” Social Work Month lecture, School of Social Work, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, March 27, 2017.
“Introducing—Jane Addams: Progressive Pioneer of Philosophy, Peace, Sociology, Social Work and Public Administration.” Texas State University Authors’ Series, Philosophy Department, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, March 3, 2017.
“Promoting Peace: Overcoming the Dominance of Negative Peace – Jane Addams’s Peaceweaving.” Philosophy Dialogue Series, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, February 28, 2017.
“Jane Addams’ Peaceweaving: A Feminist Response to Paternalism, Militarism and World War I.” Women and Gender Research Collaborative, Center for Diversity and Gender Studies, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, March 24, 2017.
Awards
Texas State University’s College of Liberal Arts Achievement Award for Excellence in Scholarly/Creative Activity.
Outstanding Career Achievement, Women and Gender Research Collaborative.
Janowitz Career Achievement Award, Inter-University Seminar on Armed Forces and Society.
Texas State University’s College of Liberal Arts Community Award for Advising.
-
David Smith
Awards
Favorite Professor, Alfred H. Nolle Chapter of the Alpha Chi National Honor Society.
-
Hassan Tajalli
Articles
“Non-Medical Use of Prescription Drugs by College Students for Recreational and Instrumental Purposes: Assessing the Difference.” Journal of Drug Issues 47, no. 4 (2017): 606-621.
“Sports Tourism Does not Have to be Accompanied by Crime: A Case for the NFL Super Bowl.” Journal of Sports and Tourism 21, no. 1 (January 10, 2017): 15-32
"The Effect of College Students’ Religious Involvement on Their Academic Ethic." Religion and Education.
"An Analysis of Educators Sanctioned for Misconduct." Journal of Research in Education.
-
Thomas Varacalli
Articles
“Coronaeus and the Relationship between Philosophy and Doctrine in Jean Bodin’s Colloquium.” Logos: A Journal of Catholic Thought and Culture 20, no. 3 (July 2017): 122-146.
Book Chapters
Review of Tolkien Among the Moderns ed. by Ralph C. Wood (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2015). In Anglican and Episcopal History 86, no. 2 (June 2017): 220-222.
Presentations
“Thomas Aquinas, the Thomists, and the Consent of the Governed.” Southern Political Science Association Annual Meeting, New Orleans, LA, January 12, 2017.
Awards
Forrest McDonald Memorial Award, Philadelphia Society, McLean, VA, October 13, 2017.
-
Jeremy Wells
Presentations
“Target Domestic Politics and Military Intervention.” International Studies Association, Baltimore, MD, February 25, 2017.
“Foreign Policy Benefits of Military Interventions.” International Studies Association, Baltimore, MD, February 22, 2017.
“Non-State Armed Groups after Military Interventions.” International Studies Association, Baltimore, MD, February 22, 2017.
-
Walter Wright
Book Chapters
“Significant Mediation Case Law: Confidentiality.” Mediation Benchbook (2nd ed.). Texas, U.S.A.: Texas Mediator Credentialing Association, October 2017: 35-37.
“Significant Mediation Case Law: Obligation to Mediate in Good Faith.” Mediation Benchbook (2nd ed.). Texas, U.S.A.: Texas Mediator Credentialing Association, October 2017: 34-35.
Articles
“Peer Conciliation Program Flourishes in Bogota, Colombia’s Schools.” Texas Mediator, (Fall 2017): 1-4.
“El camino lacia la paz no es una línea recta.” El Acuerdo 98, (March-April 2017): 5-6.
Presentations
“Aportes de la Neurociencia para Comprender el Comportamiento Humano en la Mediación.” I Congreso Internacional de Mediación y Cultura de Paz, Mediar Panamá, Parlamento Latinoamericano y Caribeño, Panama City, Panama, November 30, 2017.
“Cultural Differences and their Effects on Communication, Negotiation and Decision Making.” Conflict Resolution Month Training Seminar, NASA-Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, October 19, 2017.
“La Mediación Como Herramienta para Hacer Cumplir los Derechos Humanos.” Foro Calma: Huellas de Paz, Fundación Calma, Universidad César Vallejo, Lima, Peru, August 23, 2017.
“El Diseño de Sistemas de Resolución de Conflictos dentro de las Empresas.” Foro Calma: Huellas de Paz, Fundación Calma, Universidad César Vallejo, Lima, Peru, August 22, 2017.
“Obtención de Información, Comprensión y Perspectiva, Herramientas.” Programa de Nuevos Abogados para el Sistema de Justicia en México, American Bar Association Rule of Law Initiative – Mexico, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, La Paz, Mexico, February 1, 2017.
“Modelo Harvard de Negociación.” Programa de Nuevos Abogadoa para el Sistema de Justicia en México, American Bar Association Rule of Law Initiative – Mexico, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, La Paz, Mexico, January 31, 2017.
“¿Por qué saber negociar?” Programa de Nuevos Abogados para el Sistema de Justicia en México, American Bar Association Rule of Law Initiative – Mexico, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, La Paz, Mexico, January 31, 2017.
“Taking the Mediation Message Worldwide: Lessons Learned and Future International Opportunities.” Annual Conference of the Texas Association of Mediators, San Antonio, TX, February 24, 2017.
“Alternative Dispute Resolution and Dispute Resolution Systems Design.” Certified Public Manager Program, Texas State University – Round Rock Campus, Round Rock, TX, August 4, 2017.
“Restorative Justice.” Justice, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, June 16, 2017.
Keynote
“MASC: El Futuro del Derecho.” Colegio de Abogados de Lima, Lima, Peru, August 21, 2017.
Awards
Favorite Professor, Alfred H. Nolle Chapter of the Alpha Chi National Honor Society.
-
Hyun Yun
Articles
“Selling political brands and building candidate relational equity in American campaign tournaments.” American Studies 40, no. 2 (2017): 127-170.
“The news media outlet is the message.” Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies 7, no. 4 (October 2017): 106-121.
Presentations
“The news media outlet is the message reconsidered.” The 6th International Conference on Communication, Media, Technology and Design, Famagusta, Cyprus, October 7, 2017.